In common usage Honesty refers to a facet of moral character and denotes positive, virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, and straightforwardness along with the absence of lying, cheating, or theft[1]. By contrast, in some computing contexts such as the design of p2p A peer-to-peer, commonly abbreviated to P2P, is any distributed network architecture composed of participants that make a portion of their resources directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination instances (such as servers or stable hosts). Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in systems, honesty is reduced to a numerical component of a reliability judgment in a reputation system[2].
Discourse
In discourse a statement can be strictly true and still be dishonest if the intention of the statement is to deceive its audience. Similarly, a falsehood can be spoken honestly if the speaker actually believes it to be true, assuming the speaker doesn't unfairly reject or suppress evidence. Conversely, dishonesty can be defined simply as behavior that is performed with intent to deceive or to manipulate the truth.
Morality
While there are a great many moral systems, generally speaking, honesty is considered moral and dishonesty is considered immoral. There are several exceptions, such as hedonism Hedonism is a school of ethics which argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good, which values honesty only insofar as it improves ones own sense of pleasure, and moral nihilism Moral nihilism, also known as ethical nihilism, is the meta-ethical view that nothing is moral or immoral. For example, a moral nihilist would say that killing someone, for whatever reason, is not inherently right or wrong. This view can lead to amoralism, which denies the existence of objective morality outright. Honesty may also be challenged in various social systems with ideological stakes in self-preservation (many religious and national formations might be so characterized, but so too might be many family structures, and other small social collectives). In these cases honesty is frequently encouraged publicly, but may be retroactively forbidden and punished in an ex post facto An ex post facto law or retroactive law, is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences of acts committed or the legal status of facts and relationships that existed prior to the enactment of the law. In reference to criminal law, it may criminalize actions that were legal when committed; or it may aggravate a crime by bringing it into manner if those invested in preserving the system perceive it as a threat. Depending on the social system, these breaches might be characterized as heresy Heresy is proposing some unorthodox change to an established system of belief, especially a religion, that conflicts with the previously established opinion of scholars of that belief such as canon.[clarification needed] It is sometimes confused with apostasy which is disaffiliation from orthodoxy and blasphemy which is defamation of orthodox, treason In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more serious acts of betrayal of one's sovereign or nation. Historically, treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors, such as the murder of a husband by his wife . A person who commits treason is known in law as a traitor, or impoliteness. So ultimately, there are a great number of opinions about honesty. Even in moral systems which approve in general of honesty over dishonesty, some people think there are situations in which dishonesty may be preferable. Others would not define preferable behaviors as dishonest by reasoning that they are not intended to deceive others for personal gain, but the intent is more noble in character, for example sparing people of opinions that will upset them. Rather than dishonesty, that behavior is often viewed as self sacrifice - giving up one's voice for the happiness of others. But it can hardly be a universal approach to either determining honesty or morality. In many circumstances, with-holding one's opinions can legitimately be viewed as cowardly, dishonest and a betrayal to those who will be hurt, discriminated against and unfairly judged due to false beliefs that are left unchallenged. For this reason, many people insist that an objective approach to the truth is a necessary component of honesty as opposed to an ideological or idealistic approach.
Psychology
Two theories of honesty exist.[3] First, the ‘‘Will’’ hypothesis in which honesty comes from the active resistance of temptation and links to the controlled cognitive processes that enable delay in regard to reward. Second, the ‘‘Grace’’ hypothesis in which honesty comes from the absence of temptation and links to research upon the presence or absence of automatic processes in determining behavior. Most people tend to favor the Will hypothesis.[3] However, functional imaging As opposed to structural imaging, functional imaging centers on revealing physiological activities within a certain tissue or organ by employing medical image modalities that very often use tracers or probes to reflect spatial distribution of them within the body. These tracers often are proportional to some chemical compounds, like glucose, and reaction time Reaction time ,is the elapsed time between the presentation of a sensory stimulus and the subsequent behavioral response. RT is often used in experimental psychology to measure the duration of mental operations, an area of research known as mental chronometry. In psychometric psychology it is considered to be an index of speed of processing. That research supports the latter hypothesis since individuals that are honest in a situation in which they can lie showed no sign of engaging additional controlled cognitive processes.[3]
Bold text==References==
- ^ "Oxford English Dictionary honesty". http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50107669?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=honesty&first=1&max_to_show=10. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
- ^ Koutrouli, Eleni; Aphrodite Tsalgatidou (2006). "Reputation-Based Trust Systems for P2P Applications: Design Issues and Comparison Framework". Trust and Privacy in Digital Business. pp. 152-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11824633_16. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
- ^ a b c Greene JD, Paxton JM. (2009). Patterns of neural activity associated with honest and dishonest moral decisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106:12506–12511 PMID 19622733 doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the:10.1073/pnas.0900152106
To be honest is to be REAL. To be honest may not be truthfull. What a person says is not a part of being honest. An honest liar or an honest horse thief can be the most honest or real person. Do not confuse honest with truthfull, trustworthy, or other moral trates. JCC
See also: Truth Truth can have a variety of meanings, from the state of being the case, being in accord with a particular fact or reality, being in accord with the body of real things, events, actuality, or fidelity to an original or to a standard. In archaic usage it could be fidelity, constancy or sincerity in action, character, and utterance. The term has no, Integrity Integrity as a concept has to do with perceived consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations and outcome. People use integrity as a holistic concept, judging the integrity of systems in terms of those systems' ability to achieve their own goals . A value system's abstraction depth and range of applicable interaction, Sincerity Sincerity is the virtue of one who speaks truly about his or her own feelings, thoughts, desires. Sincere expression carries risks to the speaker, since the ordinary screens used in everyday life are opened to the outside world. At the same time, we expect our friends, our lovers, our leaders "to be sincere", and Lie A lie is a type of deception in the form of an untruthful statement, especially with the intention to deceive others, often with the further intention to maintain a secret or reputation, protect someone's feelings or to avoid a punishment or repercussion for one's actions. To lie is to state something that one knows to be false or that one doesBold text
Gather.com
princeton, NJ -- For the first time in Gallup's annual Honesty and Ethics of Professions poll, a majority of Americans -- 55% -- say the ...
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Kristie.
Sat, 24 Oct 2009 16:53:00 GM
I need to fess up. It's only been a few weeks since we started back to school, and we are already off track. It seems like no matter how many different ways I try to be the organized homeschool mom, those days are just gone. ...
